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Learn how Bitcoin Lightning payment channels settle transactions off-chain, route payments, use liquidity and handle fees, custody and recovery risks.

ICE will run Trade[XYZ]'s Hyperliquid-based perpetual futures in a new US-regulated market, pending CFTC approval. HYPE jumped 15% and Stanley Druckenmiller made his first X post to back it.

Binance lost an estimated $6.3 billion on 29 October in the biggest crypto theft yet. About $3 billion is frozen, withdrawals are paused, and investigators blame North Korea's TraderTraitor.

Bitcoin Taproot combines Schnorr signatures, key-path spending and hidden script options. Here is what the upgrade changes—and what it does not.

How Norway treats crypto for tax: when a sale or swap creates a gain, how to work out the cost, how mining is taxed, what to report, and what the new CARF rules change.

How do strangers on an open network agree on one history? A plain guide to the Byzantine generals problem, Byzantine fault tolerance, Nakamoto consensus, orphan blocks and blockchain finality.

Bitcoin Core has published three bugs found by an automated AI scan, including one that lets any peer crash a Windows or Mac node. What they are, what to patch, and why the embargo ended.

The double spend problem is why digital money once needed a bank in the middle. Here is how Bitcoin solves it, why confirmations matter, and how 51% attacks have reversed payments on smaller coins.

An ENS domain turns a wallet address into something readable, like alice.eth. How resolution works, what a .eth name really costs, and what changed when ENSv2 went live on 27 October 2026.

A candle packs four prices into one shape. What the body and wicks record, why a doji is not a signal, and how patterns fail in a market that never closes.

A vanity address is a normal crypto address that starts or ends with characters you chose. Here is how generators find them, why long patterns get expensive, and the security traps to avoid.

A Nasdaq-listed bitcoin treasury company says it has been unable to withdraw coins held at Biconomy since June, and that four sets of financial statements can no longer be relied on.

Address poisoning plants a lookalike address in your transaction history and waits for you to copy it. Here is how the scam works, how big it has become, and the simple checks that stop it.

Hashrate is the closest thing Bitcoin has to a security budget. How the network infers it from difficulty, why it fell in 2026, and what one petahash actually earns.

Liquid staking turns locked ether into a tradable receipt. How stETH earns, why its peg slipped to 0.94 in 2022, and what the advertised yield quietly costs you.

CoinJoin lets several Bitcoin users combine their payments into one transaction without handing over their coins. Here is how it works, how JoinMarket, Wasabi and Whirlpool built it, and where its privacy runs out.

A crypto tumbler mixes coins from many users to break the on-chain trail. Here is how bitcoin tumblers and crypto mixers work, the main types, the legal picture and the real risks of using one.

Bitcoin mining is a lottery with a purpose. How hash power, difficulty and block rewards fit together, with live network numbers and the economics that decide who survives.

A honeypot token lets you buy but blocks you from selling. Here is what a honeypot means in crypto, how the trap is coded into a token contract, the warning signs, and how a honeypot checker helps.

The SEC would let token issuers raise up to $75 million a year on light disclosure and preempt state registration. State regulators used the comment deadline to say no.

A wallet drainer is a phishing script that tricks you into signing away your tokens or NFTs. Here is how crypto drainers work, the signatures they abuse and how to protect your wallet.

A Merkle tree compresses a whole block of transactions into one 32-byte root. How the hashing works, what a Merkle proof can and cannot prove, and the 2012 bug it caused.

A smart contract is a program that runs on a blockchain and moves value by rules nobody can quietly rewrite. Here is how it executes, what it costs, and where the model breaks.

Market cap counts the coins trading today; fully diluted market cap counts every coin that will ever exist. Here is how circulating, total and max supply work, and why the gap matters.

Four days before its Hoodi rehearsal, Ethereum pulled the Glamsterdam upgrade. A security review found 13 deployed contracts where a failed transaction could now record a permanent failure.

Crypto custody decides who controls the private keys behind your coins. Here is how custodial and self-custody setups work, what crypto custodians do, and how to choose.

A DAO keeps its rules and its money in code. Here is how token voting, treasuries, multisigs and legal wrappers actually work, and where the model breaks.

Bitcoin dominance appears in every market recap and gets explained almost nowhere. What the ratio actually measures, why trackers disagree, and what it cannot tell you.

What is a governance token? How crypto governance tokens give holders a vote, how proposals, quorums and delegation work, real examples from Uniswap, Maker/Sky and Compound, and the risks from whale control to governance attacks.

Initia's layer 1 and every rollup have been offline since Friday, after a bug let an attacker mint unbacked tokens and bridge about $2.7 million to Ethereum.

What total value locked measures in DeFi, how TVL is calculated, what trackers leave out, why it swings with token prices, and how to read it without being misled.

The halving cuts new bitcoin issuance in half every 210,000 blocks. Here is what actually changes at block 1,050,000, what it means for miners, and what history cannot tell you.

Automated market makers replace order books with pooled liquidity and a formula. Here is how AMM pricing, LP fees, slippage and concentrated liquidity actually work.

What cross margin and isolated margin actually do, how the same leveraged trade plays out under each mode, and how to choose the right one before you open a position.

HSBC's RedCoin went live in PayMe on 23 October, giving 3.3 million users a licensed Hong Kong dollar stablecoin. How it works, what backs it, and what it does not do yet.

Why strangers send tiny amounts of crypto to your wallet, how a dusting attack links your addresses, how token dust and address poisoning work, and what to do when dust shows up.

Zero-knowledge proofs let a blockchain verify a claim without revealing the data behind it. Here is how SNARKs, STARKs and ZK rollups actually work.

Smart accounts can batch payments, sponsor fees and sign with a passkey. Here is how account abstraction works, what ERC-4337 and EIP-7702 changed, and where the risks are.

How a multisig wallet works, why a 2-of-3 setup guards against both theft and loss, how Trezor, Ledger and Safe fit in, and what the Bybit hack showed about signing transactions you have not checked.

The OCC has finalized its GENIUS Act rule, the first federal stablecoin framework to be completed. Issuers face a 18 January 2027 deadline, two-day redemptions and case-by-case review of rewards.

What does burning crypto mean? How a coin burn works on chain, why projects burn tokens, how buyback and burn programmes work, famous examples from Ethereum, BNB and Shiba Inu, and whether burns actually raise the price.